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# AfSol Journal

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## Posts

- [Blog](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/blog/)
- [Invitation to Apply for Research Grant](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/invitation-to-apply-for-research-grant/) - Background The Global Challenges Research Fund of the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), in partnership with the African Research Universities Alliance (ARUA), has provided financial support to the IPSS, ARUA Center of Excellence in Post-Conflict Societies for the implementation of a capacity-building project. The project is implemented in collaboration with Haramaya University, Obafemi Awolowo University,
- [Call for papers: African Solution Journal](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/call-for-papers-african-solution-journal/) - Editor-in-Chief: Dr Andrew E. Yaw Tchie Managing Editor: Happi Cynthia Publisher: African Solution Journal Abstract Submission Deadline: June 9th, 2024 Date of Publication: 25th November 2024. Estimated articles: Four-Five. Keywords: Climate-induced conflicts, sustainable practices, peace processes, responses to insecurity, security initiatives, green transition, climate security, human security, RECs, RMs, AU and UN. Key Themes: AU-UN
- [Call for papers: African Solutions Journal](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/call-for-papers-african-solutions-journal-june-2026/) - Editor-in-Chief: Dr Andrew E. Yaw Tchie Managing Editor: Happi Cynthia Publisher: African Solution Journal Abstract and Introduction Submission Deadline: 19th July 2026 Date of Publication: 21st December 2026 Estimated articles: Four-Five. Title: Volume 7 Issue 2 Submission process All submissions should be sent with a clear subject line [Journal submission: Title of article] to h.cynthia@ipss-addis.org.
- [Chronicles of African Engagement: Beyond a Dualist Reading of Foreign Intervention](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/chronicles-of-african-engagement-beyond-a-dualist-reading-of-foreign-intervention/) - Authors: Giulio LEVORATO, Ph.D & Federico DONELLI, Ph.D Volume 5 | Issue 1 |August 2024 Download
- [Questioning Separatism in a Context of Democratic Development: The Polisario and the Ambazonian Movement in the Face of Today’s New Geopolitical Challenges](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/questioning-separatism-in-a-context-of-democratic-development-the-polisario-and-the-ambazonian-movement-in-the-face-of-todays-new-geopolitical-challenges/) - Author: Alphonse Zozime TAMEKAMTA, Ph.D. Volume 5|Issue 1|August 2024 Download
- [Energy, Vulnerability and Human Security in Zambia: A Capability Approach to an Inclusive Energy Transition](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/energy-vulnerability-and-human-security-in-zambia-a-capability-approach-to-an-inclusive-energy-transition/) - Author: Biggie Joe NDAMBWA Volume 5|Issue 2|Dec 2024 Download
- [CALL FOR APPLICATION: AFSOL JOURNAL EDITORIAL BOARD](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/call-for-application-afsol-journal-editorial-board/) - ABOUT THE JOURNAL The African Solutions Journal (AfSol Journal) is one of the research products of the Institute for Peace and Security Studies (IPSS), which serves as a platform for critical debate and solutions to African peace and security challenges. It aims to meet peace and security as an intellectual challenge and to provide theoretical
- [Security Governance and the Necessity for Community-led Approaches in Nigeria](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/security-governance-and-the-necessity-for-community-led-approaches-in-nigeria/) - Author: Peter Mark JATAU, Nsemba Edward LENSHIE Ph.D. & Al Chukwuma OKOLI Ph.D. Volume 6|Issue 1|2025 Download
- [Navigating Political Fragility: The Challenges of Women Peacebuilders in Militarised Political Contexts in Africa](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/navigating-political-fragility-the-challenges-of-women-peacebuilders-in-militarised-political-contexts-in-africa/) - Author: Zainab Monisola OLAITAN Ph.D. & Mary Bukola TAIWO Volume 6|Issue 1|2025 Download
- [African Union Forces Mandates and their Implications for the Fight  Against Al-Shabaab in Somalia](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/african-union-forces-mandates-and-their-implications-for-the-fight-against-al-shabaab-in-somalia/) - Author: Jacqueline NAKAIZA Ph.D., Charlotte Karungi MAFUMBO Ph.D. & Zaid SEKITO Ph.D. Volume 6|Issue 1|2025 Download
- [Climate Justice and Integration in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of  Ethiopia as a Case Study](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/climate-justice-and-integration-in-the-horn-of-africa-an-analysis-of-ethiopia-as-a-case-study/) - Author: Marwaad KAYSE & Sara COSATTI Analysis Report | July 2025 Download
- [Volunteers for the Defence of the Homeland and Violent Extremism in  Burkina Faso](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/volunteers-for-the-defence-of-the-homeland-and-violent-extremism-in-burkina-faso/) - Author: Ayabavi Linda Ophélie COMLAN SESSI Ph.D. Volume 6, Issue 1, 2025 Download
- [Addressing the Political Impasse in Togo: Response from ECOWAS in Preventing Violent Armed Conflict](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/addressing-the-political-impasse-in-togo-response-from-ecowas-in-preventing-violent-armed-conflict/) - Author: Victor Kofi Afetorlom DOKE Ph.D. & Michelle OCHERE-DARKO Analysis Report | July 2025 Download
- [Call for papers: African Solutions Journal](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/call-for-papers-african-solutions-journal-2/) - Editor-in-Chief: Dr Andrew E. Yaw Tchie Managing Editor: Happi Cynthia Publisher: African Solution Journal Abstract and Introduction Submission Deadline: 18th January 2026 Date of Publication: 31st July 2026 Estimated articles: Four-Five. Title: Volume 7 Issue 1 Submission process All submissions should be sent with a clear subject line [Journal submission: Title of article] to h.cynthia@ipss-addis.org.
- [AFRICAN SOLUTIONS JOURNAL UPDATE](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/african-solutions-journal-update/) - The Institute is pleased to announce that the African Solutions Journal is now available on the Ethiopian Journals Online platform, and DOIs have been assigned to the respective articles. See https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/browse-journal/current-issue/and https://ejol.aau.edu.et/index.php/afsol/issue/archive for more, and congratulations to the authors. Please, watch out for the next Call for Papers in June/July 2026.
- [Call for papers: African Solutions Journal](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/call-for-papers-african-solutions-journal/) - Editor-in-Chief: Dr Andrew E. Yaw Tchie Managing Editor: Happi Cynthia Publisher: African Solution Journal Abstract and Introduction Submission Deadline: 10th August 2025 Date of Publication: 15th December 2025 Estimated articles: Four-Five. Title: Volume 6 Issue 2 Submission process All submissions should be sent with a clear subject line [Journal submission: Title of article] to h.cynthia@ipss-addis.org.
- [Call for papers: African Solutions Journal](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/call-for-papers-african-solution-journal-2/) - Editor-in-Chief: Dr Andrew E. Yaw Tchie Managing Editor: Happi Cynthia Publisher: African Solutions Journal Abstract Submission Deadline: 26th January 2025 Date of Publication: 30th June 2025 Estimated articles: Four-Five. Title: Volume 6 Issue 1 Submission process All submissions should be sent with a clear subject line [Journal submission: Title of article] to h.cynthia@ipss-addis.org. We aim
- [Nigerian State Response to Climate-Related Violence](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/nigerian-state-response-to-climate-related-violence/) - Authors: Joseph OCHOGWU, Ph.D. & Deborah ODU OBOR, Ph.D. Volume 5| Issue 1| August 2024 Download

## Pages

- [Home](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” disabled_on=”off|off|off” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Blue-White-Modern-Marketing-Strategy-Blog-Banner.png” custom_padding=”||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_slider _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” body_text_align=”left” background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Blue-White-Modern-Marketing-Strategy-Blog-Banner.png” background_blend=”luminosity” custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”12px” module_alignment=”center” content_width=”100%” content_max_width=”1410px” height=”496px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|true” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” auto=”on” auto_ignore_hover=”on” custom_css_free_form=”image” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_slide heading=”Gendered Dimensions of Reparations: Addressing the Harm of Wartime Sexual Violence Through African Feminist Policy Lenses” button_text=”Read More” button_link=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/gendered-dimensions-of-reparations-addressing-the-harm-of-wartime-sexual-violence-through-african-feminist-policy-lenses/” image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Gendered-Dimensions-of-Reparations-Addressing-the-Harm-of-Wartime-Sexual-Violence-Through-African-Feminist-Policy-Lenses12.png” use_bg_overlay=”on” use_text_overlay=”on” text_overlay_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.15)” text_border_radius=”0px” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” header_font=”Montserrat|700||on|||||”
- [AfSol Boards](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/about-the-journal/afsol-boards/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”AfSol Boards” admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” button_one_text_size_tablet=”” button_one_text_size_phone=””
- [Editorial Policies](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/about-the-journal/editorial-policies/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Editorial Policies” admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.16″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” button_one_text_size_tablet=”” button_one_text_size_phone=””
- [Journal Information](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/about-the-journal/journal-information/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Journal Information” admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” button_one_text_size_tablet=”” button_one_text_size_phone=””
- [Call for papers](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/publish-with-us/call-for-papers/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Call for Papers” admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.16″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” button_one_text_size_tablet=””
- [Guidelines for Authors](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/publish-with-us/guidelines-for-authors/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=” Guidelines for Authors” admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.16″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone”
- [Most Read Publications](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/browse-journal/most-read-publications/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=” Most Read Publications” admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” hover_enabled=”0″ title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px”
- [Browse Journal](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/browse-journal/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=” Browse Journal” content_max_width=”80%” admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone”
- [Analysis Reports](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/browse-journal/analysis-reports/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Analysis Reports” admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.16″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” button_one_text_size_tablet=”” button_one_text_size_phone=””
- [Ethical Consideration](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/about-the-journal/ethical-consideration/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Ethical Consideration” admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.16″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” button_one_text_size_tablet=”” button_one_text_size_phone=””
- [About The Journal](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/about-the-journal/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”About The Journal ” admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone”
- [Publish with us](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/publish-with-us/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Publish with us” admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.16″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” button_one_text_size_tablet=””
- [Current Publications](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/browse-journal/current-publications/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Current Issue” admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.16″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” button_one_text_size_tablet=”” button_one_text_size_phone=””
- [Events](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/events_page/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.14.5″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”NEWS” admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.14.5″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” button_one_text_size_tablet=”” button_one_text_size_phone=”” button_one_text_size_last_edited=”on|desktop”
- [Core Values](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/about-the-journal/core-values/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.14.5″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Core Values” admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.14.5″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” button_one_text_size_tablet=”” button_one_text_size_phone=””
- [About Us](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/about-us/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.14.5″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”About US” admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.14.5″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” button_one_text_size_tablet=”” button_one_text_size_phone=””
- [Previous Issues](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/browse-journal/previous-issues/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.14.5″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=” Previous Issues” admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.14.5″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” hover_enabled=”0″ title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone”
- [No Access](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/no-access/)
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- [Home-2](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/home-2/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.14.5″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#ecf0f5″ custom_margin=”||||true|false” custom_padding=”10px||10px||true|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,1_2,1_4″ use_custom_gutter=”on” _builder_version=”4.14.5″ _module_preset=”default” width=”100%” max_width=”2560px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||true|false” custom_padding=”0px|0px||0px|false|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.14.5″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_code _builder_version=”4.14.5″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#FFFFFF” custom_margin=”||||true|true” custom_padding=”10px|20px|10px|20px|true|true” border_radii=”off|5px|5px||” global_colors_info=”{}”][calendar id=”8537″][/et_pb_code][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.14.5″ _module_preset=”default” header_4_font=”Roboto|500|||||||” header_4_text_color=”#FFFFFF” background_color=”#3e5062″ custom_padding=”10px|||20px|false|false” border_radii=”off|5px|5px||” global_colors_info=”{}”] IPSS Guidelines and Rules [/et_pb_text][et_pb_toggle title=”Forms” closed_toggle_background_color=”#FFFFFF” icon_color=”#3e5062″ _builder_version=”4.14.5″ _module_preset=”default” title_font_size=”14px” body_link_text_color=”#0C71C3″ custom_margin=”-20px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”] Request for Leave Form Medical
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- [The New UMoMA Opens its Doors](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/the-new-umoma-opens-its-doors-2/) - The premier destination for modern art in Northern Sweden. Open from 10 AM to 6 PM every day during the summer months.Works and DaysAugust 1 -- December 1Read MoreTheatre of OperationsOctober 1 -- December 1Read MoreThe Life I DeserveAugust 1 -- December 1Read MoreFrom Signac to MatisseOctober 1 -- December 1Read More“Cyborgs, as the philosopher
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- [Regular Issues](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/browse-journal/regular-issues/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Regular Issues” admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.16″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” button_one_text_size_tablet=”” button_one_text_size_phone=””
- [Rethinking peace and security in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/browse-journal/special-issues/rethinking-peace-and-security-in-the-context-of-the-covid-19-pandemic/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Rethinking peace and security in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic” admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”66px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop”
- [Special Issues](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/browse-journal/special-issues/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Special Issues” admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” button_one_text_size_tablet=”” button_one_text_size_phone=””
- [Vol. 1 Issue I](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/browse-journal/regular-issues/vol-1-issue-i-1/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Vol. 1 Issue 1″ admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone”
- [Vol. 2 Issue I](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/browse-journal/regular-issues/vol-2-issue-i/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Vol. 2 Issue 1″ admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone”
- [Vol. 2 Issue II](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/browse-journal/regular-issues/vol-6-issue-ii-2/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Vol. 2 Issue 2″ admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone”
- [Vol. 3 Issue I](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/browse-journal/regular-issues/vol-3-issue-i/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Vol. 3 Issue 1″ admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone”
- [Vol. 3 Issue II](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/browse-journal/regular-issues/vol-3-issue-ii/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Vol. 3 Issue 2″ admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone”
- [Vol. 4 Issue I](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/browse-journal/regular-issues/vol-4-issue-i/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Vol. 4 Issue 1″ admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone”
- [Vol. 4 Issue II](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/browse-journal/regular-issues/vol-4-issue-ii/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Vol. 4 Issue 2″ admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone”
- [Vol. 5 Issue I](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/browse-journal/regular-issues/vol-5-issue-i/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Vol. 5 Issue 1″ admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone”
- [Vol. 5 Issue II](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/browse-journal/regular-issues/vol-5-issue-ii/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Vol. 5 Issue 2″ admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone”
- [Vol. 6 Issue I](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/browse-journal/regular-issues/vol-6-issue-i/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Vol. 6 Issue 1″ admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone”
- [Vol. 6 Issue II](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/browse-journal/regular-issues/vol-6-issue-ii/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Vol. 6 Issue 2″ admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone”
- [PEER REVIEW PROCESS](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/about-the-journal/peer-review-process/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_image=”https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/African-Solution-Jornal-BG.jpg” parallax=”on” width=”100%” custom_padding=”0px|0|0px|0px|false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=” PEER REVIEW PROCESS” admin_label=”Fullwidth Header” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ title_font=”Share Tech||||||||” title_text_align=”left” title_font_size=”80px” title_line_height=”1.2em” content_font=”Open Sans||||||||” content_text_align=”center” content_font_size=”18px” content_line_height=”1.8em” background_enable_color=”off” background_color_gradient_direction=”340deg” background_color_gradient_start=”#df6c36″ background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(41,17,96,0.8)” parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_button_one=”on” button_one_text_size=”15px” button_one_bg_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_width=”15px” button_one_border_color=”#ffa727″ button_one_border_radius=”100px” button_one_letter_spacing=”5px” button_one_font=”Open Sans|700||on|||||” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”6vw||6vw||true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”100px||100px||true” custom_padding_phone=”|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” child_filter_opacity=”92%” title_font_size_tablet=”60px” title_font_size_phone=”36px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” content_font_size_tablet=”” content_font_size_phone=”16px” content_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone”

## Projects

- [Examining migrants’ vulnerabilities and migration policies in Africa](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/project/examining-migrants-vulnerabilities-and-migration-policies-in-africa/) - Author: Prof Norman Sempijja, Vol. 15 - 08 | November 2021
- [The Protection of Cultural Property in Africa: An Analysis of Policies and Practices](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/project/the-protection-of-cultural-property-in-africa-an-analysis-of-policies-and-practices/) - Author: Dr. Afolasade Abidemi Adewumi, Vol. 16 - 01 | January 2022
- [Re-imagining the Role of the Humanitarian Agency of the African Union to Encompass Conflict Prevention](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/project/re-imagining-the-role-of-the-humanitarian-agency-of-the-african-union-to-encompass-conflict-prevention/) - Author: Ledet Teka, Vol. 16 - 02 | March 2022
- [Rethinking ‘Co-curriculum’: Alternative Mechanism to Combat Ethnic Intolerance within the Public Higher Education Sub-system](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/project/rethinking-co-curriculum-alternative-mechanism-to-combat-ethnic-intolerance-within-the-public-higher-education-sub-system/) - Author: Messash Kassaye, Vol 16 - 03 | May 2022
- [A Parliament for the People: Recommendations for The House of People’s Representatives of Ethiopia](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/project/a-parliament-for-the-people-recommendations-for-the-house-of-peoples-representatives-of-ethiopia/) - [et_pb_section admin_label=”section”] [et_pb_row admin_label=”row”] [et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”Text”]Author: Mercy Fekadu Mulugeta Pervious Issues | Vol 16 – 4 | July 2022 Link text[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column] [/et_pb_row] [/et_pb_section]
- [Kingdom of Eswatini Conflict Insights](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/project/kingdom-of-eswatini-conflict-insights/) - September 2021
- [Uganda Conflict Insights](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/project/uganda-conflict-insights/) - December 2021
- [Guinea Conflict Insight (Fr)](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/project/guinea-conflict-insight-fr/) - Author: Moussa Soumahoro, May 2022
- [Senegal Conflict Insight](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/project/senegal-conflict-insight/) - Author: Cynthia HAPPI, May 2022

## Downloads

- [African-Centred Solutions for Peace and Security (AfSol) Report](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/african-centred-solutions-for-peace-and-security-afsol-report/) - The Institute for Peace and Security Studies (IPSS) assembled a group of experts for a workshop on African-centred Solutions in Peace and Security (AfSol) from 26 to 27 September 2014. The objective of the workshop was to define and refine the concept of AfSol through presentations followed by in-depth discussions and debates. The discussions led to a common understanding on certain issues while, in others, it unveiled new dimensions of AfSol and pointed to areas of further research. The areas where the experts have reached on a common understanding namely: ownership, commitment and shared values, will serve as common ground to future discussions and researches.
- [African-Centred Solutions: Building Peace and Security in Africa](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/african-centred-solutions-building-peace-and-security-in-africa/) - 2016
- [Maritime Security in Ghana’s Blue Economy: Exploring Socio-Economic Realities and Governance](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/maritime-security-in-ghanas-blue-economy-exploring-socio-economic-realities-and-governance/) - Ghana’s maritime security is considered within a broader context of coastal livelihoods, economic vulnerabilities, and environmental factors. The article examines how socio-economic structures and local realities interact to shape both the risks and opportunities in Ghana’s maritime security landscape. Drawing on an extensive review of academic literature, policy reports, industry analyses, as well as relevant statistical data and primary field data, the article interrogates the interplay among economic activities in the various sectors of Ghana’s blue economy with a focus on the fisheries sector. It examines how factors like youth unemployment and gender inequalities influence security outcomes, particularly with challenges such as illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing and resource-based conflicts. The study highlights how regulatory frameworks and foreign investment strategies intersect with local priorities, oftentimes generating tension over environmental sustainability and social justice. By mapping these socio-economic dynamics across local, national, and regional levels, the paper advances a nuanced and holistic understanding of Ghana’s maritime security environment, advocating for a Blue Justice approach.
- [Securing through the Failure to Secure? Civilian Joint Task Force and Counter-Insurgency Operations in North-East Nigeria](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/securing-through-the-failure-to-secure-civilian-joint-task-force-and-counter-insurgency-operations-in-north-east-nigeria/) - The advent of the Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF) in 2012 had a great influence in the evolution of national security in the north-eastern region of Nigeria. This is because many scholars have, at various times, described the region as an ‘unfinished’ region, and of inevitable instability. This article interrogates the role of CJTF in counter-insurgency operations (CIOs) and its influence on the establishment and alliance with the military forces in the north-eastern region. The article succinctly investigates the efforts of CJTF and its CIOs. It also explicates, in clear terms and with relevant cases, CJTF’s role in preventing and fighting insurgency in the region. In particular, it focuses on answering the following questions: Can the current security architecture of CJTF cope with the level of sophistication of the Boko Haram insurgency groups across the region? Under what arrangement will CJTF be able to adequately confront Boko Haram insurgency? What are the challenges affecting the CJTF’s efficiency and effectiveness in this region? The article will also examine how existing CJTF can be strengthened to achieve effective CIOs against insurgency in the north-eastern region of Nigeria.
- [How Relevant Is the International Criminal Court to the 21st Century Africa and Beyond?](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/how-relevant-is-the-international-criminal-court-to-the-21st-century-africa-and-beyond/) - Although the International Criminal Court (ICC) was examining some non-African situations by 2013, most of the Court’s indictees happened to come from African conflict situations. As will be discussed later, this state of affairs was worsened by the arrest warrant on President Omar Al-Bashir while he was then a sitting president. This made the African Union (AU) feel unfairly targeted and, therefore, contemplate withdrawal from the ICC. Some African leaders have also maintained slanderous charges against the ICC describing it in uncharitable identities and questioning its modus operandi. However, given that the Court was established to dispense international justice for the commission of core crimes, the AU’s contemplation of withdrawal evokes some pertinent questions regarding the future of justice on the continent should the AU eventually withdraw from membership of the Court. How justifiable is the AU withdrawal contemplation? Is this the best of options? What are the possible alternatives for the AU? How does the AU contemplation of withdrawal represent a conflict of interest? In which ways could the Court be strengthened to dispense the international justice for which it was established? In the wake of the aforementioned questions, this paper seeks to address the issue of how relevant the ICC is to the 21st century Africa and beyond. Dwelling on critical discourse analysis as a methodology, the paper employs interdisciplinary perspectives featuring reflections on research in human rights, international law, political science and other relevant areas of interest and speaks to such probing concerns. This paper concludes that though the challenges the AU raises against the ICC are reasonably admissible, they are not compelling enough to justify an AU withdrawal since they are not of the magnitude that deprives the Court of its capacity to dispense justice. This means that the Court remains relevant to the 21st century Africa and beyond. The paper ends by proposing a framework within which the AU could contribute towards making the Court more functional.
- [Multidimensionalism or Militarism? A Decade of Experimentation in African Peace Support Operations](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/multidimensionalism-or-militarism-a-decade-of-experimentation-in-african-peace-support-operations/) - The relationship between the military, police, and civilians within the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) has, at times, been characterised by considerable tension and mistrust. This bears direct implications on the effectiveness of the African Union in promoting peace and stability on the continent. This article explores the evolution of the African Standby Force (ASF) based on case studies of the Eastern Africa Standby Force (EASF) and ECOWAS Standby Force (ESF) to understand why and how the 2015 bench mark for achieving ASF’s full operation capability did not happen. The article argues that, with regard to the uncertainty surrounding the evolution of the ASF; it is not enough to focus solely on the macro-level factors affecting the evolution of ASF. Instead, internal processes and structures such as the attitude of peacekeepers to each other is, without doubt, an inseparable part of the ‘sluggishness’ in the realization of a rapid deployment capability (RDC). It is, therefore, more appropriate to consider the role of internal processes and civil-military power relations in the evolution of the ASF post-2015.
- [Are women a missing link in Africa’s peace process? Interrogating women’s involvement in peacebuilding and conflict resolution in precolonial, colonial and postcolonial Africa](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/are-women-a-missing-link-in-africas-peace-process-interrogating-womens-involvement-in-peacebuilding-and-conflict-resolution-in-precolonial-colonial-and-postcolonial-africa/) - This paper locates peacebuilding within the context of selected African countries with a focus on Zimbabwe; highlighting the intersection between gender and peacebuilding. The central argument in this paper is that gender relations and its relationship to peacebuilding in Africa must be understood within the context of the disruptions brought by European colonialism, struggles for self-determination and independence and post-independence struggles to construct new nation-states. The paper provides a sociohistorical analysis of gender relations in pre-colonial and colonial Africa and attempts to draw parallels with the postcolonial African state. It argues that a complex combination of these processes gave rise to exclusive, androcentric and elite driven peace processes in the postcolonial state. In examining women’s struggles for equality and social justice in the postcolonial state, the paper highlights how civic society and the civic space has come to be synonymous with women and women’s struggles to influence the peace process. Building on indigenous models of conflict resolution, the paper critically engages the concept of Ubuntu and appraises how it can be appropriated to re-insert women’s peace agency in postcolonial Africa. The paper concludes by examining options for increasing women’s involvement in conflict resolution and peacebuilding in postcolonial Africa.
- [Security Governance and the Necessity for Community-led Approaches in Nigeria](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/security-governance-and-the-necessity-for-community-led-approaches-in-nigeria/) - A number of community-led initiatives have emerged in response to Nigeria’s deepening security crisis. Using broken windows theory as its conceptual frame, this paper examines several examples of community policing in the country, to explore the factors which shape the effectiveness of local security actors. It finds that community-led policing succeeds where legal recognition, oversight, and intergroup trust are present and fails where fragmentation and impunity persist. The study proposes the refinement of community-led security mechanisms by better integrating them into Nigeria’s national architecture, while also contributing to broader debates on hybrid security governance in fragile states.
- [African Union Forces Mandates and their Implications for the Fight  Against Al-Shabaab in Somalia](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/african-union-forces-mandates-and-their-implications-for-the-fight-against-al-shabaab-in-somalia/) - This paper examines the implications of the African Union (AU) Mandate in Somalia. It focuses on peace support operations, support to political settlements, and the reduction of the threat posed by Al-Shabaab. The sustenance of the insurgency has partly been blamed on the continued deployment of foreign troops and their role in enabling the survival of the nascent foreign-backed Federal Government (Namatovu, 2023). As a result, there is a need to interrogate the mandate of the forces and why they have failed to eliminate Al Shabaab from Somalia. Drawing on Rational Institutionalist theory, we argue that the mandate of a regional mission determines the extent to which it counters insurgency and contributes to peaceful political settlements. To achieve their mandated objectives, AU-led forces adopted several measures regarding the conduct of operations, stabilisation, protection of civilians, humanitarian assistance, capacity-building, and training. This was despite challenges such as logistical issues, mistrust between partners, the absence of a shared strategy, insufficient intelligence, a sensitive relationship with the host government, and the complexity of clan politics in Somalia. The paper argues that the country continues to require foreign security assistance and is not prepared to assume full security responsibilities. Going forward, creating a strong, militarily effective Somali security apparatus should be a prerequisite for AU forces to withdraw. This can guarantee the long-term sustainability of efforts to resolve the intractable conflict. This should be followed by a national political strategy that allows Somalia’s future to be shaped by Somalis.
- [Economic Integration as a Peacebuilding Strategy in the Horn of Africa with  Particular Focus on Ethiopia and Its Four Neighbours](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/economic-integration-as-a-peacebuilding-strategy-in-the-horn-of-africa-with-particular-focus-on-ethiopia-and-its-four-neighbours/) - The quest for peace is a longstanding objective of national governments and development partners in the Horn of Africa. Political negotiations between conflicting parties and the promotion of regional economic integration spearheaded by the sub-regional economic communities are among the most prominent attempts by member states and their partners with the objective of promoting regional peace. However, peace is still illusive in the region. This paper suggests the adoption of an incremental peace project spearheaded by limited sectorial cross-border cooperation. It summarizes the main theoretical approaches to cross- border cooperation and provides a summary of the current political environment of the region, highlighting its defining features. It further reviews the European Union experience, for comparative reasons, which may inform us the way forward, based on the key lessons from that experience.
- [Responsibility to Protect in Kenyan and Darfur Crises: A Critical Deconstruction  of the Ideology of AfSol in the Lens of R2P, Normative International Relations  Theory, and the Jetliners-Rigs Approach for Peacebuilding and Conflict  Resolution](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/responsibility-to-protect-in-kenyan-and-darfur-crises-a-critical-deconstruction-of-the-ideology-of-afsol-in-the-lens-of-r2p-normative-international-relations-theory-and-the-jetliners-rigs-approac/) - Morality, trust, social ties, shared institutions, and social capital are in short supply after ethnic wars: ethnic identity is prominent; attachment to collective myths and symbols offensive to other groups is strong; avoidance is legitimate; minority returnees are not welcome; and disputants harbour deep-seated grievances. How can peace and culture of tolerance be nurtured in such a social milieu? (Oberschall, 2007:231). The statement above represents the challenge of this research. Studies indicate that African conflicts are rooted in complex constructions and conjectures of the continent’s political economies, social identities, and cultural ecologies, each of which is derived from local, national, and regional historical experiences and patterns of engagement with an ever changing world system (Nhema and Zeleza, 2008). These conflicts threaten regional stability, destroy human lives as well as social and physical infrastructure, and place at risk minorities’ fundamental freedoms and human rights. Such a precarious state of events calls for timely and informed interventions to mitigate conflict protraction and virulence. Studies indicate that a civic culture of tolerance and respect for minorities is not conceivable without truth and justice in human affairs (Oberschall, 2007). Therefore, the proliferation of intrastate conflicts around the world has led to the emergence of transitional justice mechanisms which respond to legacies of collective violence and systematic human rights violations in a bid to establish the truth about the past, determine accountability, and offer some form of redress (Van Der Merwe, et al., 2009). This study investigates the perception and/or experiences of the respondents about ethno-political violence, transitional justice, and peacebuilding in Kenya. Kenyan ethno-political challenge led to the formation of the Truth Justice and Reconciliation Commission of Kenya (TJRC) and the intervention of the International Criminal Court (ICC) both of which are highly critiqued by a section of Kenyans for their inadequacy to address the Kenyan problem (Rugene, 2010; Barasa, 2009; Omtata, 2010). Indigenous approaches to peacebuilding, which are thought to be complimentary forces to the ICC and TJRC have their merits and demerits too. This study indicates that neither the dualistic model of TJRC and the ICC nor the Tripartite Hybridity of TJRC, ICC, and indigenous approaches to peacebuilding is adequate enough in facilitating transitional justice in Kenya. To complement the gaps of the dualistic and tripartite approaches, this study has come up with an experience-based grounded model for transitional justice, peacebuilding and conflict resolution in Kenya informed by the expressed needs and the recommendations of the study participants. Apart from having the tripartite hybridity of TJRC, ICC, and indigenous approaches to peacebuilding, the new model emphasizes the importance of implementing institutional and policy frameworks that would address historical injustices and structural violence ingrained in the Kenyan system in order to mitigate ethno-political violence in the future. If well implemented, the new Kenyan model namely The JET LINERS-RIGS Grounded Approach for peacebuilding and conflict resolution is expected to nurture sustainable peacebuilding, conflict resolution, and transitional justice in Kenya.
- [AMISOM and African-Centred Solutions to Peace and Security Challenges](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/amisom-and-african-centred-solutions-to-peace-and-security-challenges/) - The success of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) seems to vindicate emerging scholarly and policy optimism regarding Africa’s potential to solve its peace and security problems through Africa-centred responses. To explain this African-led intervention’s success–despite Africa’s apparent institutional and resource limitations and in the context of the 1992-93 US-led Operation Restore Hope’s failures–this desk-based inquiry underlines the commitment, shared values, and ownership that typify AMISOM. I advance an “African-Centred Solutions” (AfSol) perspective that is rooted in Afro-optimist analyses which, basing on Africa’s past dealings with foreign actors, argues that “borrowed fists” cannot solve [most of] Africa’s security problems. Evidently, unlike non-Africa-centred interventions, AMISOM relied on the AfSol approach whose pillars–genuine commitment, shared Pan-African values, and a sense of ownership–engendered its success by incentivising states to withstand the Mission’s costs and to tirelessly mobilise foreign support. Throughout, Africans incorporated and reflected AfSol principles, by: initiating the Mission-building upon IGAD’s efforts; persisting amidst the Mission’s human, resource, and politico-security costs; involving both local and foreign Somalis; and integrating disparate intervention programmes into a single, AU-sanctioned Mission. AMISOM’s success underscores the need to harness Africa’s potential to address its peace and security challenges.
- [L’engagement des états Africains en Matière de Sécurité en Afrique Centrale :  Contraintes et enjeux de la coopération UA-CEEAC](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/lengagement-des-etats-africains-en-matiere-de-securite-en-afrique-centrale-contraintes-et-enjeux-de-la-cooperation-ua-ceeac/) - This article entitled “African states’ engagement in Security in Central Africa: challenges and prospects for cooperation between the AU and ECCAS“ analyses the perception and issues of peace and security dynamics in Central Africa. It also explores the coordination between the AU and ECCAS by questioning its operational efficiency vis-avis the local constraints and crucial challenges in the region. Assuming that States in Central Africa do not offer a shared /relevant vision on issues of peace and security, it is given that the lack of political will mitigates any opportunity of mutual cooperation where Africa can produce its own solutions for its peace and security challenges. Yet, while Eastern and Western African states are highly preoccupied to finding endogenous solutions to security challenges, the Central Africa Region lags behind in mobilizing around common challenges thus the wish for a harmonization/capacity building of already existing institutions. With regards to the knowledge and practice of AfSol, this chapter brings three major contributions that build upon existing achievements: (1) the inventory of endogenous solutions susceptible of capitalizing on the consolidation of peace in Central Africa; (2) incentives for decision makers in Central Africa for a more active engagement for peace and (3) the establishment of a platform of discussion between academic circles, pan-African structures of integration and political decision makers.
- [A Case for African-promoted Peacebuilding Strategies with Specific Reference  to AMISOM, the Juba Peace Process and IGAD’s interventions in South Sudan](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/a-case-for-african-promoted-peacebuilding-strategies-with-specific-reference-to-amisom-the-juba-peace-process-and-igads-interventions-in-south-sudan/) - This paper reports the findings of a study that scrutinized the setting, facilitation, actors, content, successes and failures of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), the Juba Peace Process and the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD)’s interventions in the ongoing crisis in South Sudan to: 1) reach value judgments on the potential of African solutions to resolve the ongoing conflicts on the African continent; and 2) disaggregate the role of both African and non-African actors in promoting the effectiveness of these solutions. Using evidences from relevant reports and related literature, the study contends that, in concurrence with past authors on the subject, African-promoted peacebuilding efforts have potential for capitalizing on the values those parties in conflict situations share, thereby promoting ownership of and commitment to peaceful resolution. Notwithstanding, the study also reports that these efforts have been associated with constraining limitations, adding that interventions by multi-national organisations are supposedly undertaken to address these limitations. Therefore, the paper argues that interventions into peacebuilding efforts by non-African organisations are to be seen as having pros and cons. Contending that, despite their known shortfalls, African-promoted peacebuilding efforts give better promise of more sustainable peace; the paper propounds—for relevant organisations and policy persons—actionable recommendations towards enhancing the prioritisation and effectiveness of African-promoted peacebuilding strategies.
- [Ownership at Grassroots Level to Support Regional Commitments: The Case of  IGAD and the South Sudan Conflict](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/ownership-at-grassroots-level-to-support-regional-commitments-the-case-of-igad-and-the-south-sudan-conflict/) - The idea of local ownership is regarded as an important pillar for the advancement of African solutions to the continent’s development challenges. While there is consensus as to its importance and demand among practitioners in the peacebuilding field and development in general; the concept still raises a number of questions related to its definition, scope, and feasibility. The paper seeks to analyse the notion of local ownership using the South Sudan conflict that broke out in late December 2013. IGAD’s swift involvement to resolve the conflict gave a sense of hope and commitment by regional leaders towards taking primary responsibility instead of waiting on external help to solve Africa’s peace and security challenges. Whereas external actors were engaged in the peace processes in Addis Ababa, IGAD took the lead as a mediator between the main protagonists. The repeated violations of cessation of hostilities agreements coupled with boycotting of peace talks were reflections of the ‘non-dialogue’ approach taken by the warring parties. In addition, IGAD’s warnings against these violations did not translate into punitive measures against the parties. During the peace process, the belligerent parties were reluctant to allow non-armed stakeholders to participate meaningfully; this revealed the disadvantaged position of civil society and grassroots organisations in relation to peace efforts undertaken at the regional level. Thus the paper recommends the establishment of a framework of guiding principles that would compel actors in peace processes to involve non-armed stakeholders as critical partners. These principles would contribute to concerted efforts that ensure the participation of the African citizenry in order to promote local ownership; a crucial aspect for supporting the commitment of regional leaders in resolving Africa’s peace and security challenges. Without enhancing the capacity of the African citizenry to contribute to and own solutions at the local level, the sustainability of such solutions might be undermined, however afro-centric they might be.
- [Regional Intervention in Fragile African States: Comparative Case Studies of  South Sudan and Lesotho: Any Lessons Learnt?](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/regional-intervention-in-fragile-african-states-comparative-case-studies-of-south-sudan-and-lesotho-any-lessons-learnt/) - African conflicts have continued to be protracted and unresponsive, frustrating conventional interventions. Consequently, the concept of African Solutions for African-Centred Solutions (AfSol) has increasingly become the default alternative. To this end, politico-military crises in South Sudan and Lesotho in 2014 and the interventions by IGAD and SADC respectively, have shown remarkable similarities. South Sudan, saddled with an unclear leadership succession as the country approached the scheduled 2015 national election, the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM) National Liberation Council convention of December 2013 became a battleground that dragged the country into civil war. Curiously, the same happened in Lesotho when the country was faced with a vote-of-no-confidence in June 2014 and Prime Minister Thomas Thabane dismissed key government officials, prorogued the parliament and removed the Army Commander plunging the country into civil war. When each of the fragile states reached this stage, the sub-regional economic and security organisations (RECs) of IGAD and SADC, respectively, intervened. This paper assesses the implications and impact of those interventions, under the rubric of AfSol in order to discover any lesson learnt. Findings of this case study reveal that the philosophy of AfSol is a possible tool of intervention that could also be extrapolated to other conflict scenarios elsewhere on the African continent.
- [The Internationalization of the Coup in Burkina Faso](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/the-internationalization-of-the-coup-in-burkina-faso/) - The article explores the political issues in the September 2015 military coup in Burkina Faso that was led by General Gilbert Diendere. Coming only a few weeks prior to a much-anticipated general election the coup plotters dissolved the transitional government that had been in place since the unexpected resignation of Blaise Compaore in October 2014. This article takes a retrospective view of the Burkinabe coup, and analyzes how it was precipitated by lingering political and economic crisis following President Compaore’s 27 years rule. It concludes, by way of alternative futures, that the only way to prevent coups is for African leaders to promote and strengthen democracy and pursue people-friendly socio-economic policies within the framework of good governance, accountability and transparency.
- [Fulani Mobile Herdsmen and the Risk of Political  Violence in Edo and Delta States of Nigeria](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/fulani-mobile-herdsmen-and-the-risk-of-political-violence-in-edo-and-delta-states-of-nigeria/) - The article examines the nature, causes, effects and implications of the conflict between Fulani mobile herdsmen and farmers in Edo and Delta States of Nigeria in the face of shrinking resources, and escalating levels of violence. It is noted that if unchecked, these sporadic clashes between groups seeking livelihood security can degenerate into an identity conflict, given the distinctive ways in which the political and religious identities of the two groups are constructed. The paper ends with recommendations on possible ways for resolving the conflict between pastoralists and farmers in the two states of Nigeria.
- [State Policing in Nigeria: A Response to Emerging  Trajectories of Conflict and Crime?](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/state-policing-in-nigeria-a-response-to-emerging-trajectories-of-conflict-and-crime/) - This article argues that the current policing system in Nigeria is highly influenced by the character of the State which has led to a security system that is tailored along patron-client lines. It identifies the challenges hindering the effectiveness of the current security system and calls for the introduction of a policing system where each federating state will be allowed to create and structure its own state police to complement the existing federal police. The article recommends that policing powers be jurisdictionally divided between the federal and state police. It concludes that the introduction of a flexible state policing system will provide and ensure peace and safety, provided that politicians demonstrate the political will and commitment necessary to effectively operate the system as prescribed by the law. In addition, all efforts should be made to avoid using the state police as an instrument for intimidating members of the opposition.
- [State Response to Violent Conflicts: An Assessment of  the Nigerian State and the Indigenous People of Biafra  (Ipob) Separationist Movement](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/state-response-to-violent-conflicts-an-assessment-of-the-nigerian-state-and-the-indigenous-people-of-biafra-ipob-separationist-movement/) - Conflicts arising from separationist movements are gradually becoming a security threat and source of instability in Nigeria. This article examines the nature and impact of the activities of the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB), and the response of the Nigerian state. It is of the view that the response of the Nigerian security apparatus to separatist movements is more likely to exacerbate the crisis, rather than help resolve it.
- [The Rationale for AfSol in Peace and Security: The  Global, National and Regional Precipitants](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/the-rationale-for-afsol-in-peace-and-security-the-global-national-and-regional-precipitants/) - Since the establishment of the African Union in 2001, there has been a heightened activism for African Solutions (AfSol) in peace and security as opposed to the reality of external impositions and interventions. This article contends that while international factors play a role in Africa’s insecurities, the continent suffers largely from the ineptitude and myopic interests of Africa’s leadership at the state and regional levels. The clamour for AfSol by political leaders often serves to mask the complicity of local actors in Africa’s crises especially in peace and security. To ensure sustainable peace and stability on the continent, the AfSol concept should be underpinned with good governance and reliable attempts at context-specific solutions alongside mainstream development and security paradigms.
- [Presidential Term Limits: A Threat to Peace and Security  in Africa](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/presidential-term-limits-a-threat-to-peace-and-security-in-africa/) - This article interrogates the recent trend whereby some African leaders resort to constitutional amendments to remove presidential term limits. It seeks to identify the factors that explain why this pattern is gaining ground in a growing number of countries, and analyzes its implications for peace and security in Africa. Attention is paid to two countries: Burundi and Burkina Faso which recently grappled with the issue of term limits with different outcomes. The article holds that the extension of presidential term limits threatens long-term peace and security in Africa. It argues that such political acts encourage unconstitutional changes of government, undermine human security, and weaken democratic institutions—all of which are critical to peace and security.
- [Appeasing the Land: Local Peace Committees and the  Legitimation of Traditional Peacemaking in Kenya](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/appeasing-the-land-local-peace-committees-and-the-legitimation-of-traditional-peacemaking-in-kenya/) - In the last decade, the Kenyan state, reacting mainly to the 2007/2008 post-election violence and cases of intergroup conflicts, created local peace committees and conferred on them the rights to address specific disputes and prevent conflicts at the local level. Local peace committees are (superficially) modelled after social institutions deemed traditional, and are therefore an attempt to standardize an aspect of customary law. This article explores the ethnography of local peace committees in Enoosupukia, a former hotspot of interethnic clashes in Kenya. It relies on ethnographic data collected between 2014 and 2015 to describe the composition of local peace committees, discusses conflict resolution at the grass-roots level, and highlights their effectiveness and the emerging constraints on their performance. Although necessary in the resolution of local disputes through arbitration, local peace committees constitute hybrid governance arrangements, which tend to produce different modes of authority, operations, and legitimacy, with the possibility of intensifying clashes between traditional (informal) rules and formal law.
- [A Critical Analysis of the Requirements for Full Operationalization  of the African Standby Force: Lessons Learned from the Eastern  Africa Standby Force](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/a-critical-analysis-of-the-requirements-for-full-operationalization-of-the-african-standby-force-lessons-learned-from-the-eastern-africa-standby-force/) - It is evident from attempted coups d’état, contested elections, violent protests and riots, constitutional amendments to extend of terms of presidents, religious fundamentalism, terrorism, foreign interventions and other structural problems in Africa, which threaten the political equilibrium, that there are a various types of conflicts that need to be dealt with (See Institute for Security Studies, October 2017:10-21). This calls for a strengthened, enhanced and effective regional collective security arrangement. The African Union (AU) established the African Standby Force (ASF) for peacekeeping purposes as well as possible interventions when conflicts degenerate, and implement its motto of “African solutions to African problems”. This continental Force is being developed in five multi-dimensional regional brigades with military, police and civilian components but its operationalization took much longer than planned. The question is why? What are the hurdles? What needs to be done to fully operationalize it? This paper critically analyzes these issues and develops a ten-step procedure on what needs to be done to fully operationalize the ASF based on experience gained from the Eastern Africa Standby Force, one of the regional components, which declared full operational capability ahead of schedule in 2014.
- [Re-Invented Abroad: Agitation for Self-Determination by the  Indigenous People of Biafra (Ipob) Movement in South-Eastern  Nigeria](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/re-invented-abroad-agitation-for-self-determination-by-the-indigenous-people-of-biafra-ipob-movement-in-south-eastern-nigeria/) - Fifty years since the declaration of separatist Biafra, the narrative still reverberates across Nigeria. This is common in the south-eastern region where pro-Biafra movements with claims to the principle of self-determination, continue to reinvent the idea of the hitherto aborted Biafra. Relying essentially on primary data, this paper examines the current neo-Biafran agitation within the organizational framework of the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) movement. Findings reveal that IPOB is a scion of the Movement for the Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) and an initiative of Nigerians in the Diaspora; that the group amplifies her struggle using the media; that non-violence remains the official principle of the group; and that group cohesion is very strong within the movement. Furthermore, the perception of marginalization, exclusionary politics, cumulative injustice, a weak economy, politics of the memory as well as state repression are factors that strengthen the neo-Biafran agitation. The paper suggests that strategies of inclusion, re-orientation of the Nigerian citizens, de-militarization of the Nigerian public space, dialogue and redefining of the Nigerian political structure are means through which the neo-Biafran agitation could be effectively managed.
- [Policy Impacts on Africa’s Extractive Sector: Uganda, the Stagnation of Minerals, and the Promise of Oil](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/policy-impacts-on-africas-extractive-sector-uganda-the-stagnation-of-minerals-and-the-promise-of-oil/) - The East African country of Uganda has seen its growth increase steadily in the last decade. While minerals have stagnated, the continued presence of agriculture and the 2006 discovery of oil have given the country reason for economic optimism. Not yet tapped, Uganda expects to construct a pipeline and start extracting this oil within the next five years. The Ugandan government, led by President Yoweri Museveni, has promoted oil as the opportunity to industrialize the country. However, Uganda must improve on several facets to make this happen. Their fiscal regime needs improvement, as it is not internationally competitive and suffers from tax leakage. As for economic diversification, the government plans for a quasi-market approach to industrialize, but it will need to improve education before attracting investment. Value addition must also be created for their resource economy, especially in minerals. In terms of regional connections, Uganda should continue its involvement with the African Union and the East African Community. While the government promotes oil as the key to transforming Uganda into a middle-income, industrialized country this change will not occur unless the government changes the country’s prevailing policies. Museveni’s government must, for instance, improve their transparency, not muzzle civil society groups and let institutions build more capacity. Without structural changes to the government, oil will not lead to the envisioned development of Uganda.
- [Acknowledging Conflict across Mali’s Centre: Drivers and History](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/acknowledging-conflict-across-malis-centre-drivers-and-history/) - As this paper is written (July 2018) the violence in the central regions of Mali is increasing in intensity. The availability of modern small arms is destabilizing the sub-region as local belligerents engage in inter-community and intra-community violence. The conflict in the central regions since 2014 is not merely an extension of the civil war in the northern regions, but rather the instigating factors are based in historical events specific to the Centre: a history of conservative Islam, water and land scarcity resulting from climate change events, and liberalization of regional markets interact to drive conflict. We apply a multi-lens framework: the ‘New Wars’, new types of war, and a plural security perspective to analyze the threats and their drivers as they manifest in the central regions of Mali. We conclude that the conflict in the centre is distinct from the larger conflict in the northern regions. Additionally, further research on the conflict and eventual peace process in the centre must centre on local historical and socio-political and economic dynamics. It is necessary to understand drivers of the conflict to create a lasting peace.
- [Controlling Transnational Organized Crimes (TOCs) in Ethiopia:  Issues, Challenges and Opportunities](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/controlling-transnational-organized-crimes-tocs-in-ethiopia-issues-challenges-and-opportunities/) - This article explores the challenges and opportunities of the counterstrategies to addressing transnational organized crime (TOC) as a security issue in Ethiopia. The study on which this article is based was motivated by two main questions: first, what are the factors that underlie TOC in Ethiopia? Second, what are the challenges of, and limitations to, Ethiopia’s counterstrategies against TOC? The goal of this study was to identify the factors that foster transnational organized crime in Ethiopia, and provide a research-based theoretical and practical explanation about the approaches Ethiopia should follow to tackle the problem of TOC. The study was dependent on secondary sources of data, and identified various counterstrategies on TOC including a Law and Order Approach, Enterprise Approach, Development Approach, Security Approach, Administrative Approach and Integrated Approach. The article presents a theoretical explanation of the counterstrategies against TOC based on theories of change. Accordingly, legislative gaps, lack of a national guiding strategic document on TOC, weak institutional cooperation, the complexity of investigating and prosecuting TOC, corruption in the public sector, and convergence of terrorism with TOC, have been identified as the major challenges of addressing TOC in Ethiopia. On the other hand, enhanced mutual legal assistance and extradition processes, expanding the presence of Ethiopian law enforcement agents abroad, collaboration with INTERPOL, and rigorous legislative reform as regards TOC have been elaborated as the main opportunities for dealing with this crime in Ethiopia.
- [Oil in the ‘Mix’ of Insurgency: Unmasking the Resurgence of Boko  Haram Attacks in Nigeria’s Northeast](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/oil-in-the-mix-of-insurgency-unmasking-the-resurgence-of-boko-haram-attacks-in-nigerias-northeast/) - Nigeria’s mono-economic dependence on oil has been a paradox of an albatross on socio-economic growth and development, as the country grapples to secure a cure for its Dutch disease since the oil boom era of the 1970s. In inverting the dependency theory, as a conspiracy of the rich to make the poor dependent, this paper contends that the reverse is the case as the wealth of rich socio-political elites within the Nigerian context is solely dependent on the exploitation of the less developed oil bearing communities within an impoverished population. These communities perpetually live under hazardous ecological conditions in spite of their resources upon which the Nigerian state is dependent. It posits that the Boko Haram insurgency is an offshoot of this paradox while exploring the emerging dynamics of the oil factor amidst the resurgence of attacks in the Northeast. It thus advocates the need to rehumanize the Nigerian populace through Amartya Sen’s human capabilities’ approach, whereby socio-economic conditions are addressed through structural and institutional changes amidst a socially and environmentally responsible population.
- [Terrorism In West Africa: An Introductory Essay](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/terrorism-in-west-africa-an-introductory-essay/) - Etymologically, the term terrorism lays the word terror. Terror comes from the Latin word “terrere”, which means “frighten” or “tremble”. When liaised with the French suffix “isme” (referencing “to practice”), it becomes akin to “practicing the trembling” or “causing the frightening.” (Mitusitz, 2015). Trembling and frightening are similar to fear, panic, and anxiety - what we would naturally refer to as “terror”. The origin of the word “terror” is over 2,100 years old. In ancient Rome, the terror Cimbricus era was a state of panic and emergency in response to the coming of the Cimbri tribe killers in 105 BCE. From this standpoint, the word terrorism was coined during the French Revolution’s Reign of Terror in (1793-1794). In this work, four (4) out of eight (8) terrorists organizations operating in West Africa are discussed. This study further examines their origins, development, the extent of their networks and inter-linkages with the global terror networks. Also their methods of operations (modus operandi) and sponsorship have been discussed. All these thematic areas will enable us understand the activities of terrorists and their organizations, as well as consciously prepare us adequately to counteract their actions before they strike. More so, apart from awareness and sensitization of West African States nationals, the study helps international counter-terrorism efforts to deal with the challenge or menace of global terrorism.
- [African Union ‘Robust’ Peace  Support Operations: Rules of  Engagement and Attribution of  Conduct](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/african-union-robust-peace-support-operations-rules-of-engagement-and-attribution-of-conduct/) - The development of ‘robust’ peace support operations in the framework of the African Union is a complex process that revolves around two primary propositions. Firstly, the consent of the host State, factor of the initial legality of the missions. Secondly, the use of force determined by the commanding authority, which ensures the continuance of the legality in terms of respect of the rules of international law. The participation of the African organization and the States that contribute with their military contingents makes the establishment of the command and control authority over the operation, and the related operational documents, a crucial passage. In this context, there is an operative document of utmost importance for the outcome of the missions, the rules of engagement. As combination between political, legal and military considerations, their construction contributes to the compliance with international law, in particular international humanitarian law. If and when a potential violation occurs, the assessment of the responsibility of the international organizations and the participant States have to start from the determination of the attributability of the impugned conducts, on the basis of the ‘effective control’ test. And it is at this stage that the rules of engagement become decisive factors, due to their connection with the command and control structure of the missions.
- [Child Of Necessity: (AB)Uses Of  T he Civilian Joint Task Force In  Borno State, Nigeria](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/child-of-necessity-abuses-of-t-he-civilian-joint-task-force-in-borno-state-nigeria/) - Non-state armed groups (NSAGs) have become key actors in the provision of security and safety in communities in Africa. One of the NSAGs created to provide safety and security in the war-ravaged North Eastern Nigeria is the Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF). This paper critical examines uses and abuses of the NSAG in Borno State. Based on data collected through online and print newspapers, interviews and other secondary sources, the study shows that the formation of the CJTF in Borno State has helped to curtail military attacks on innocent civilians and also assisted in decimating Boko Haram. However, activities of the group since its creation in 2013 have been accompanied with human rights abuses of residents, use of position as members of CJTF to witch-hunt opponents, serving as informants to Boko Haram and subject to elites manipulation especially politicians and military. The study also held that rebuilding Borno State and entire Northeastern Nigeria where Boko Haram insurgency has been on for almost a decade now should incorporate demobilisation and reintegration of members of CJTF into normal life to prevent the possibility of the group developing into new security threat after Boko Haram.
- [Rethinking Ethiopia’s Relations  with the Arab League](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/rethinking-ethiopias-relations-with-the-arab-league/) - By drawing upon concepts extracted from the IR school of neoliberal institutionalism and Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT), this article argues that the Arab League (AL) could create a platform for Ethiopia to address its multiple political economy and security concerns with most of its neighbours. The article analyzed the primary data collected from the Ethiopian diplomatic circle and explored the potential areas of cooperation and challenges between Ethiopia and the AL. It finds out that there are multiple issues the AL discuss that concerns Ethiopia and the potential for future Ethiopian involvement is recognized; however, there is a fear from Ethiopian side that Egypt would not allow Ethiopia’s membership in the AL. At a domestic level, the Ethiopian foreign policy tradition will thwart to encourage the Ethiopian aspiration to join the Arab League as an Observer member state.
- [Addressing the Political Impasse in Togo: Response from ECOWAS  in Preventing Violent Armed Conflict](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/addressing-the-political-impasse-in-togo-response-from-ecowas-in-preventing-violent-armed-conflict/) - Africa faces a range of complex issues related to maintaining and advancing democratic stability. In this paper, we examine Togo, with a specific focus on the political impasses that could hinder the democratic development of the small West African coastal state in the face of threats such as violent extremism and terrorism. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) tried to address the situation in Togo, primarily by intensifying its diplomatic efforts to prevent the region from becoming a hub for military juntas. As a result, the paper examines the measures involved in implementing prevention measures against the political impasse in Togo. It does so by analysing the sources of Togo’s political impasse and takes into consideration ECOWAS’s attempt to resolve and prevent conflict. The study concludes that diplomatic strategies ought to be employed by ECOWAS to address the identified political challenges effectively. In addition, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) should not only be vibrant but also work to identify gaps in the political situation and encourage people to understand that this does not call for violence. Furthermore, ECOWAS should review its Protocol on Good Governance to effectively address the issue of the third-term syndrome. ECOWAS should condemn coups, implement sanctions to encourage the leader to accept multi-party democracy, be vocal in denouncing poor governance, and engage the current leader to step down. In addition, the CSOs should be given the freedom to speak freely and demonstrate against bad governance in Togo. This means that all actors and stakeholders will be able to reach a peaceful agreement, promote good democratic values and human rights, enable multi-party participation in the country, promote participation in decision making, create an enabling environment for CSOs to operate without fear of intimidation, and build resilient and independent state institutions.
- [‘The Ambivalence of the Sacred’:  Religion and Mediation in Northern  Nigeria, 2000-2005](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/the-ambivalence-of-the-sacred-religion-and-mediation-in-northern-nigeria-2000-2005/) - It is generally believed that the position, influence and commitment arising from the moral and emotional credentials of religious actors serve as advantages over other actors when it comes to third party intervention, particularly in the realm of mediation. The question then becomes to what extent can these qualities promote successful mediation i.e. conflict transformation, which is the ultimate goal of mediation efforts during conflict. This study is a qualitative analysis of the levels of success achieved by faith-based mediation in three outstanding conflicts - the Yelwa, the Jos and the Kaduna conflicts in Plateau and Kaduna States of Nigeria between 2001 and 2005. This analysis is anchored on the three levels of success, namely process or output level, outcome or short-term level, and impact or long-term level. The position, influence and experience of mediators, as well as other factors such as timing, neutrality, external influence and the process of mediation are some of the explanations for the potential success or failure of mediation efforts at the output level and short-term level in the three conflicts. However, beyond these two, mediation’s success at the level of long-term impact, as recorded in Yelwa, is tied to (i) the engagement of the real owners of the conflict and peace dynamics and (ii) the willingness of the latter to engage in peace. It is therefore the position of this paper that no matter the influence, appropriateness and acceptability of a religious actor involved in conflict resolution, the responsibility to transform conflict largely remains with the parties to the conflict.
- [Agentic Governance in Africa:  Managing the Tension between  Dependence and Self-Reliance](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/agentic-governance-in-africa-managing-the-tension-between-dependence-and-self-reliance/) - Several governance discourses on Africa are fraught with lamentations about how Africa is being manipulated to remain dependent on the Global North (and more recently, parts of the Global East). This viewpoint is complemented by assertions on why Africa should instead isolate itself in order to be self-reliant, giving no room for external influence. This stands in counterpose to the globalist prescription which argues that Africa’s development lies only in its greater integration into the global political economy, resulting in various forms of dependence on and interdependence with other systems outside Africa. Seen from some perspectives, each of these positions is an extreme option and the pull towards either of them results in tension. But how practical and sustainable is isolationism in the massively globalized and almost technologically borderless 21st century in which several existential challenges are shared across continents? Additionally, how best can Africa manage the fears of vulnerability and the need for interdependence in the same century of increased options for the continent’s self-reliance? This paper demonstrates how more agency in governance is necessary for a careful management of the tension between dependence and self-reliance in 21st century Africa. It argues that the degree of dependence, vulnerability and self-reliance of Africa varies from one sector to another, with the implication that to manage the perceived tension, Africa needs to (i) maximize obvious opportunities of self-reliance without waiting on external assistance; (ii) accept its vulnerability, weakness and dependence when those are the only available options; and (iii) leverage available opportunities of interdependence and partnership.
- [The Effectiveness of Peace-building  Efforts and the Legitimacy of Actors:  An Exegesis and Reflection of “The  Local” in Myanmar and Nigeria](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/the-effectiveness-of-peace-building-efforts-and-the-legitimacy-of-actors-an-exegesis-and-reflection-of-the-local-in-myanmar-and-nigeria/) - This paper contributes to the growing debate within the peace-building literature on who and what constitutes “the local”. It explores the challenges associated with attempts to arrive at a universal framing for the particular groups that make up ‘the local’. Scholars, practitioners and policy makers have developed different peace-building interventions that have focused on improving and sustaining peace among different populations. However, evidences continue to show that these actions target specific groups who are identified through processes of mapping, specifically with reference to their relevance, impacts and abilities to enforce and influence long-term changes within societies. These actors leverage and consistently engage the population to strengthen the effectiveness of diverse peace-building efforts. Drawing on examples from Myanmar and Nigeria, this paper conceptualizes “the local” as a product of individual constructions and experiences, particularly by demonstrating a clear understanding of conflict zones and how different actors influence actions and inactions that affect the overall process of peace-building.
- [The Great Lakes Region (GLR)  Security Complex: Lessons for the  African Solutions for Peace and  Security (AfSol) Approach](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/the-great-lakes-region-glr-security-complex-lessons-for-the-african-solutions-for-peace-and-security-afsol-approach/) - The Great Lakes Region (GLR) appears to be an arena of intractable conflicts that have continued to evade durable solutions or have resisted mitigating interventions. To this end, the GLR poses challenges to AfSol’s commitment to building sustainable peace on the continent. This paper applies the Regional Security Complex Theory to establish a pattern of security interdependence in order to discern lessons for the AfSol approach. This will be done using a minimalist definition of the GLR that focuses on four states: Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Uganda. Findings show that the current state of security distress is a result of various structural and proximate factors such as colonial impact, political culture, ethnicity and weak state systems that take advantage of geographical proximity to cause the spread of conflicts and insecurity through conditions of clustering, contagion/diffusion and connectedness. The multiplicity of actors in the four states and the various rebel movements in each define the dynamics of security, giving rise to a regional insecurity complex more so than a security complex. The existence of AfSol, however, continues to offer some modicum of hope if lessons are to be learnt from the experience of the four countries. The lessons are that i) common factors take advantage of geographical proximity to socialise the GLR states into a region of insecurity; ii) the GLR is a conflict formation security complex; iii) ethnicity is instrumentalized by political elites; iv) the rebel problem is linked to state actors; and v) the old agenda for security dominates the GLR security complex.
- [Fragility and the State: Current  Debates and Historical Perspectives](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/fragility-and-the-state-current-debates-and-historical-perspectives/) - This paper examines fragile states from a historical and policy-focused context. It analyses both fragility and the state as complex phenomena with specific history and logic. International debates are introduced, from the ‘failed states’ narrative to more sophisticated frameworks on fragile contexts. Modern state-building is placed in a historical perspective and analysed through a political economy framework, while rents and patronage are explained as standard forms of social organization. Modern state-building and economic development is analysed, together with the impact of colonialism, further exposing the features of fragile states and placing them within the context of the contemporary world economy, making fragility appear as a dysfunctional form of governance.
- [Gunning the Leviathans: Undying  Presidencies, Term Limits,  Changing Political Culture and  the Mortification of Dire Political  Transition in Africa](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/gunning-the-leviathans-undying-presidencies-term-limits-changing-political-culture-and-the-mortification-of-dire-political-transition-in-africa/) - The focal narrative in the literature on government and politics in Africa is sheathed with the credence that the region has been governed by tyrants, despotic regimes and political intrigues, abetting political transitions in belligerent awareness as a result. This paper attempts to make a significant departure from this account by interrogating the emerging political orders that deconstruct this primordial discourse on the African socio-political landscape. It argues that the locus of political transition has shifted from a long established political culture to a more mature democratic orientation. It demonstrates that some African nations have evolved from political pettiness to political adolescence. It concludes that the recent political transitions that took place in some African nations represent a different type of regime change that marks a momentous departure from the unwavering political culture previously present in Africa.
- [Nigerian Civil War Post-Conflict  Peacebuilding: A Philosopher’s  Evaluation](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/nigerian-civil-war-post-conflict-peacebuilding-a-philosophers-evaluation/) - Using a qualitative research method, this paper evaluates Nigerian civil war post-conflict peacebuilding. It highlights that the reason for the unsuccessful implementation of the policy of reintegrating the victims of the war is the underlying factor for the consequent agitations for separation and protests in the country. The monstrous misconception of the state and its arrogation of, using the words of Akinwale, “ubiquity, omniscience and omnipotence” to itself has made the state, its institutions and its functionaries unaccountable to the citizens, thereby, leading to citizens without sovereignty. The negligence of this fact and the Nigerian state’s jackboot approach towards maintaining peace and post-conflict peacebuilding will only elicit more agitations for separation and protests.
- [Media and Peacebuilding in  Zamfara State of  North-West  Nigeria: A Study of an Armed  Bandit Conflict](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/media-and-peacebuilding-in-zamfara-state-of-north-west-nigeria-a-study-of-an-armed-bandit-conflict/) - This paper examined the ways radio contributed to peacebuilding and promotion using the case of armed banditry and cattle rustling in Zamfara State. The study was guided by four specific objectives: to find out whether radio can be used as a mechanism of peacebuilding; to find out if the intervention by radio programs have influenced the escalation or de-escalation of armed bandits’ conflict in Zamfara; to examine the extent to which the people of Zamfara use radio as a mechanism of peacebuilding; and finally to survey the perceptions of people of Zamfara towards the use of radio in peacebuilding. The study used survey research design and data were gathered through a questionnaire administered to 338 respondents. The data were thematically analyzed by classifying major issues and recurrent themes. Then they were presented in narrative form. The findings of the study showed that radio served as an appropriate, cheap and easily accessible medium of passing peace messages; contributed considerably to the de-escalation of conflict; and reduced the frequency of conflict in the state. An overwhelming majority of the respondents (98%) agreed that radio has been the best medium for promoting peacebuilding. In conclusion, radio proves to be effective in dousing tensions and disseminating information on what needs to be done. Finally, the paper recommended that the government should formulate policies that make it possible to involve radio in conflict resolution efforts since it is cheap and easily accessible to many people.
- [The Boko Haram Insurgency and  the Festering Human Insecurity  in North-East Nigeria](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/the-boko-haram-insurgency-and-the-festering-human-insecurity-in-north-east-nigeria/) - The study establishes a nexus between Boko Haram insurgency and human insecurity in the north-east of Nigeria. Anchoring on the concept of human security, the study adopt qualitative method of data collection and analysis which relied heavily on extant literature from journal articles, official documents, workshop and seminar papers, newspapers, magazines and internet sources. The study argues that though human insecurity is a major driver of the Boko Haram insurgency. The lethal and destructive activities of its actors have heightened and widened the spate of human insecurity amid debilitating food insecurity, physical harm, internal displacements and hemorrhaging refugee syndrome. The study concludes that military combat alone cannot tame the Boko Haram insurgency and thus recommends that, the government should adopt credible measures to address the human security challenges as an effective and functional counter-insurgency strategy.
- [The Evolving Nature of Foreign  Intervention in the Al-Shabab  Insurgency in Somalia](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/the-evolving-nature-of-foreign-intervention-in-the-al-shabab-insurgency-in-somalia/) - In many countries, foreign intervention is part of the response to terrorist insurgency. In Somalia, however, it has attracted mixed reactions. Integrating military, humanitarian, political, economic and administrative support from the African Union, United Nations, the United States and the European Union, foreign intervention here has been lauded as it has been loathed. Indeed, it has been blamed for sustaining and expanding the insurgency to Uganda, Burundi and Kenya. However, hitherto, the merit and demerit of foreign intervention in the insurgency have not been scrutinised. It is against this background that this study delved into the impact of foreign intervention in the conflict—to generate insights for the better resolution of the insurgency and similar conflicts. Following systematic review methods, recent writing on foreign influence in Somalia was analysed. This led to the conclusion that although foreign intervention into the insurgency has not been without benefits, it has largely failed to deliver sustainable peace. However, the insurgency has ripened such that prioritisation of engagement is recommended. Research into the readiness of the foreign actors, Al-Shabaab and a transitional government to engage in peaceful resolution of the insurgency is also recommended.
- [Political Economy and the  Dialectics of Xenophobia in Post Apartheid South Africa](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/political-economy-and-the-dialectics-of-xenophobia-in-post-apartheid-south-africa/) - This article addresses the question surrounding the political economy of the dialectics of xenophobia in South Africa. Hinging on qualitative methodology, data was drawn from both primary and secondary sources using key informant interviews, focus group discussion and archival materials respectively. Field evidence and data that was interrogated and analyzed thematically using content analysis, revealed that internal discontentment and contradictions in South Africa including social and economic inequalities, corruption, leadership deficit, poverty, unemployment, illiteracy and political rhetoric that opportunistically pit indigenous, economically less privileged South Africans against foreign Africans that are in South Africa to eke out a living and carry out their legitimate economic businesses, underpin the political economy of the xenophobic violence in South Africa. It is therefore recommended that the prevailing socio-economic conditions in post-apartheid South Africa, must be conscientiously addressed in order to address the problem of xenophobia.
- [The Impacts of the COVID-19  Pandemic on Internally  Displaced Persons (IDPs) in  Nigeria’s North-East Region](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/the-impacts-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-internally-displaced-persons-idps-in-nigerias-north-east-region-2/) - Spurred by the unprecedented challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and its spread to the northeast, an environment already devastated by the Boko Haram insurgency, the article looks at its impact on internally displaced persons (IDPs). It analyses data gathered from secondary sources and systematically juxtaposes these with reports and observations of developments in the IDP camps in the region. Major findings revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic had significant impacts on IDPs in the study area concerning their health, particularly by worsening the challenges of access to water, sanitation and hygiene, humanitarian relief, food security, and further escalating insecurity in the region. The findings further revealed that while the government’s preventive measures helped to curb the rapid spread of the virus among the IDPs, the Boko Haram group and its affiliates exploited the lockdown to attack some communities and security forces in the north-east. In the process they killed and displaced more people than the COVID-19 pandemic in the region. This article concludes that the complex challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the already existing humanitarian crises require the synergy of efforts by federal, state, and local governments with the active support of humanitarian actors, particularly international organisations and non-governmental agencies working in the region to mitigate the impacts of COVID-19 on IDPs. It also underscores the urgent need for additional funding, allocation of land to build new camps to decongest the existing ones, and deployment of additional medical personnel and supplies to cater for the IDP camps in the north-eastern states of Nigeria.
- [Pandemics and Cross-Border  Trade](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/pandemics-and-cross-border-trade-2/) - This paper examines the impacts of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) on cross-border trade and its implications on trade within and amongst African countries. Intermittent outbreaks of infectious diseases have had profound and lasting effects on societies throughout history. Using desk research, the paper argues that the COVID-19 pandemic presents unprecedented public health, social and economic challenges, including affecting international trade. Measures to curb the spread of the disease shut down large swathes of the global economy leading to dramatic negative supply and demand shocks. This study argues that pandemics are inherently uncertain, necessitating flexible policies in responding to outbreaks as they develop.
- [Rethinking the Securitization of  Public Health in Africa: A Frame of Reference](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/rethinking-the-securitization-of-public-health-in-africa-a-frame-of-reference/) - Drawing from the growing literature on the securitisation of public health in general and, in particular, that of infectious diseases in Africa, this paper explores the process through which certain health issues are perceived as security and existential threats. It uses securitisation theory as its theoretical and conceptual foundation to offer a critical analysis of the securitisation of public health in the African continent and its implications before presenting a frame of reference, a better and more constructive way of strengthening health systems in the continent.
- [The Impacts of the COVID-19  Pandemic on Internally  Displaced Persons (IDPs) in  Nigeria’s North-East Region](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/the-impacts-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-internally-displaced-persons-idps-in-nigerias-north-east-region/) - Spurred by the unprecedented challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and its spread to the northeast, an environment already devastated by the Boko Haram insurgency, the article looks at its impact on internally displaced persons (IDPs). It analyses data gathered from secondary sources and systematically juxtaposes these with reports and observations of developments in the IDP camps in the region. Major findings revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic had significant impacts on IDPs in the study area concerning their health, particularly by worsening the challenges of access to water, sanitation and hygiene, humanitarian relief, food security, and further escalating insecurity in the region. The findings further revealed that while the government’s preventive measures helped to curb the rapid spread of the virus among the IDPs, the Boko Haram group and its affiliates exploited the lockdown to attack some communities and security forces in the north-east. In the process they killed and displaced more people than the COVID-19 pandemic in the region. This article concludes that the complex challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the already existing humanitarian crises require the synergy of efforts by federal, state, and local governments with the active support of humanitarian actors, particularly international organisations and non-governmental agencies working in the region to mitigate the impacts of COVID-19 on IDPs. It also underscores the urgent need for additional funding, allocation of land to build new camps to decongest the existing ones, and deployment of additional medical personnel and supplies to cater for the IDP camps in the north-eastern states of Nigeria.
- [Contending Narratives on the  COVID-19 Pandemic and Public Authority Governance in Nigeria](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/contending-narratives-on-the-covid-19-pandemic-and-public-authority-governance-in-nigeria-2/) - This study interrogates the contending narratives in the fight against COVID-19 and public authority governance in Nigeria. Since the outbreak of the Coronavirus in 2019 in Wuhan, China, countries worldwide have been battling against its exponential rise. In Nigeria, with many reported coronavirus cases, the government had responded by budgeting millions of dollars to curtail the spread of the disease and procure vaccines. However, Nigerians have questioned the responses of the public authority in the governance affairs of Coronavirus. Why is this the case? Literature on the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria has pointed out corruption, mismanagement, human rights abuses, poor planning, and the decay in the health sectors. With David Easton System Theory, the study generated data through documentary methods and analysed them using the narrative analytical technique. The article observes that while the COVID-19 pandemic has resurfaced the contending trajectories in the health, political and economic discourses, public authorities’ governance has continued to witness cycles of legitimacy crises. The study suggests that no amount of audio pledged by the government can remedy the Nigerian trajectories without addressing the public authorities’ fallout with the people and strong legislations against government officials’ foreign medical tourism.
- [Rethinking the Securitization of  Public Health in Africa: A Frame of Reference](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/rethinking-the-securitization-of-public-health-in-africa-a-frame-of-reference-2/) - Drawing from the growing literature on the securitisation of public health in general and, in particular, that of infectious diseases in Africa, this paper explores the process through which certain health issues are perceived as security and existential threats. It uses securitisation theory as its theoretical and conceptual foundation to offer a critical analysis of the securitisation of public health in the African continent and its implications before presenting a frame of reference, a better and more constructive way of strengthening health systems in the continent.
- [Conceptions of the COVID-19  Pandemic among Religious  Leaders in Nigeria: Implications  for Responses and Coping  Mechanisms](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/conceptions-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-among-religious-leaders-in-nigeria-implications-for-responses-and-coping-mechanisms/) - This qualitative study examines the concomitant relationship between the different conceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic among religious leaders in Nigeria and its implications for their various response and coping mechanisms. The study used secondary sources such as newspapers and magazines, scholarly texts, journal articles, and the internet for content analysis and conclusion. It argues that responses to COVID-19 safety rules, lockdowns and coping measures among the religious organisations, denominations and sects in Nigeria were outcomes of their conceptions or misconceptions about the disease. It was observed that while some religious leaders and followers alike dismissed COVID-19 as a farce resulting from conspiracy theories of diseases, others accepted the existence of the pandemic. The study contends that while denial of the disease led to resistance and opposition to the directives issued by the Nigerian Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) to curb the spread of the disease in the country, belief in the reality of the disease and its manifestation as an act of God resulted in a positive response to the directives passed to mitigate the pandemic. The study concludes that several religious leaders would not have devised credible coping mechanisms in the church services without the government’s enforcement of the lockdown.
- [Pandemics and Cross-Border  Trade](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/pandemics-and-cross-border-trade/) - This paper examines the impacts of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) on cross-border trade and its implications on trade within and amongst African countries. Intermittent outbreaks of infectious diseases have had profound and lasting effects on societies throughout history. Using desk research, the paper argues that the COVID-19 pandemic presents unprecedented public health, social and economic challenges, including affecting international trade. Measures to curb the spread of the disease shut down large swathes of the global economy leading to dramatic negative supply and demand shocks. This study argues that pandemics are inherently uncertain, necessitating flexible policies in responding to outbreaks as they develop.
- [The Consequences of COVID-19  on Human Rights and Freedoms](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/the-consequences-of-covid-19-on-human-rights-and-freedoms/) - This qualitative desktop study relied on existing literature to gain concise knowledge of the consequences of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on fundamental human rights and freedoms in Africa. Informed by the cardinal social work principles of human rights and social justice, which have their genesis in humanitarian and democratic ideals founded on such values as dignity, equality, the study highlighted the brutalities being imposed on African nationals in their countries owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. The study proposes recommendations to remedy these while advocating for a comprehensive human rights approach, among other measures, in responding to the pandemic.
- [Contending Narratives on the  COVID-19 Pandemic and Public  Authority Governance in Nigeria](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/contending-narratives-on-the-covid-19-pandemic-and-public-authority-governance-in-nigeria/) - This study interrogates the contending narratives in the fight against COVID-19 and public authority governance in Nigeria. Since the outbreak of the Coronavirus in 2019 in Wuhan, China, countries worldwide have been battling against its exponential rise. In Nigeria, with many reported coronavirus cases, the government had responded by budgeting millions of dollars to curtail the spread of the disease and procure vaccines. However, Nigerians have questioned the responses of the public authority in the governance affairs of Coronavirus. Why is this the case? Literature on the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria has pointed out corruption, mismanagement, human rights abuses, poor planning, and the decay in the health sectors. With David Easton System Theory, the study generated data through documentary methods and analysed them using the narrative analytical technique. The article observes that while the COVID-19 pandemic has resurfaced the contending trajectories in the health, political and economic discourses, public authorities’ governance has continued to witness cycles of legitimacy crises. The study suggests that no amount of audio pledged by the government can remedy the Nigerian trajectories without addressing the public authorities’ fallout with the people and strong legislations against government officials’ foreign medical tourism.
- [The Consequences of COVID-19  on Human Rights and Freedoms](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/the-consequences-of-covid-19-on-human-rights-and-freedoms-2/) - This qualitative desktop study relied on existing literature to gain concise knowledge of the consequences of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on fundamental human rights and freedoms in Africa. Informed by the cardinal social work principles of human rights and social justice, which have their genesis in humanitarian and democratic ideals founded on such values as dignity, equality, the study highlighted the brutalities being imposed on African nationals in their countries owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. The study proposes recommendations to remedy these while advocating for a comprehensive human rights approach, among other measures, in responding to the pandemic.
- [Conceptions of the COVID-19  Pandemic among Religious  Leaders in Nigeria: Implications  for Responses and Coping  Mechanisms](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/conceptions-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-among-religious-leaders-in-nigeria-implications-for-responses-and-coping-mechanisms-2/) - This qualitative study examines the concomitant relationship between the different conceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic among religious leaders in Nigeria and its implications for their various response and coping mechanisms. The study used secondary sources such as newspapers and magazines, scholarly texts, journal articles, and the internet for content analysis and conclusion. It argues that responses to COVID-19 safety rules, lockdowns and coping measures among the religious organisations, denominations and sects in Nigeria were outcomes of their conceptions or misconceptions about the disease. It was observed that while some religious leaders and followers alike dismissed COVID-19 as a farce resulting from conspiracy theories of diseases, others accepted the existence of the pandemic. The study contends that while denial of the disease led to resistance and opposition to the directives issued by the Nigerian Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) to curb the spread of the disease in the country, belief in the reality of the disease and its manifestation as an act of God resulted in a positive response to the directives passed to mitigate the pandemic. The study concludes that several religious leaders would not have devised credible coping mechanisms in the church services without the government’s enforcement of the lockdown.
- [Chronicles of African Engagement: Beyond a Dualist Reading of Foreign  Intervention](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/chronicles-of-african-engagement-beyond-a-dualist-reading-of-foreign-intervention/) - Over the past two decades, the conflict management and peacebuilding (CM/PB) domain has undergone significant transformations. This has resulted in a shift from traditional Western-centric approach to a more crowded CM/PB market that is particularly evident in the African continent. However, academic discourse has evolved from evaluating the effectiveness of the liberal peace model, to scrutinising the characteristics of an alleged alternative CM/PB paradigm proposed by these rising powers. Drawing on a (neo)realist perspective, the study proposes two lines of argumentation to advance a new research agenda. Firstly, it explores the supply side of CM/PB policies by emphasising the motivations and policy choices driven primarily by strategic interests and the regime survival of intervening states. Secondly, it analyses the demand side of CM/PB by highlighting the active role of intervened states in shaping intervention strategies based on their interests and preferences. Through illustrative examples from Africa, this paper demonstrates how national interests and host states' agency intersect to shape CM/PB strategies. The article challenges simplistic categorisations of Western/liberal versus Eastern/illiberal CM/PB, and advocates for a nuanced understanding that considers the complexities of global power dynamics and national interests.
- [Nigerian State Response to Climate-Related Violence](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/nigerian-state-response-to-climate-related-violence/) - In Nigeria and most parts of Africa, there is a correlation between climate change and conflict. The Lake Chad Basin and the Sahel region are clear examples. However, despite the potency of climate change as a trigger for violence being universally understood, the exact pathway or channel through which climate change results in conflict, violence, forced migration, displacement, competition for scarce resources and other related issues is not fully understood or clearly articulated in the existing policy framework in Nigeria. Although the Nigerian state has adopted measures such as the 2021 Climate Change Act, the National Climate Change Policy and the Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement, there needs to be more clarity between the legal and institutional frameworks and the actual implementation of climate actions. There is a lack of coordination, monitoring and evaluation systems, inadequate funding, data availability, policy coherence and stakeholders engagement in addressing climate-induced conflicts and violence. As a result, this paper discusses how to effectively operationalise and monitor the Nigerian state's response to climate change and how related climate-induced conflicts can be enshrined in the policy responses and climate actions to ensure that it is inclusive, participatory, and human-rights-based. Nigeria's climate responses and policies are indicative of a positive advancement in the right direction. However, there is a need for more effective implementation, better coordination, and incorporation of climate-related security risk assessment into their climate policy.
- [Questioning Separatism in a Context of Democratic Development: The Polisario and the Ambazonian Movement in the Face of Today's New  Geopolitical Challenges](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/questioning-separatism-in-a-context-of-democratic-development-the-polisario-and-the-ambazonian-movement-in-the-face-of-todays-new-geopolitical-challenges-2/) - Several African states are currently being rocked by separatist or autonomist movements seeking to create independent micro-states within recognised sovereign states. These include the Movement for self-determination of Kabylie (MAK) in Algeria, the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda in Angola, the Ogaden National Liberation Front or the Tigray Liberation Movement in Ethiopia, the National Liberation Movement of Azawad (NLMA) in Mali, the Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance in Senegal and so on. While some of these movements date back to the post-independence era, others are more recent, albeit fuelled by distant causes. An example of this is Morocco, a North African country and a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union, which faces separatism and regular harassment from Polisario, a movement that has been advocating the creation of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic since 1976. A similar case study is English-speaking Cameroon, where various armed groups are calling for the creation of Ambazonia. While it is true that separatism is partly justified by the various frustrations of a population, it is also true that it represents a major risk to the stability of states. Given the current context and the issues at stake, it is almost impossible to give separatism any support. Repeated violations of human rights (rape, sexual abuse, looting, etc.), large-scale atrocities, massive destruction, violence, etc. are comparable to the methods of terrorists, and constitute a serious threat to sub-regional, regional and international peace and stability. This work is the result of the analysis of the archival, documentary and oral data collected and supplemented by neutral direct observation in the field. At the end of this reflection, four observations can be made about the Polisario and the independent movement of Ambazonia: The Polisario and the independent movement of Ambazonia have the same objective (independence); the same method of recruiting fighters (forced or voluntary recruitment among unemployed young people); the same modus operandi (use of violence), and the same approach (seeking external support to better influence geopolitical issues).
- [Energy, Vulnerability and Human Security in Zambia: A Capability  Approach to an Inclusive Energy Transition](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/energy-vulnerability-and-human-security-in-zambia-a-capability-approach-to-an-inclusive-energy-transition/) - Over Zambia is one of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa facing energy challenges due to climate vulnerability caused by the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The study uses Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum's Capability Approach to analyse the vulnerabilities resulting from Zambia's quest for energy transition. This theoretical framework is critical to understanding the challenges in ensuring an inclusive energy transition process in the country. The methodology and data were mainly from secondary sources. The main argument in this article is that although Zambia has embarked on an energy transition, it is important to consider key human security vulnerabilities in this process. The article shows that Zambia's electricity generation capacity has continued to dwindle primarily due to a decrease in hydro generation, which is highly dependent on rainfall. The study also shows that the Zambian government has devised several strategies and policies aimed at energy transitioning to alleviate the problem. These strategies and policies include promoting non-renewable energy sources like coal, oil, and natural gas to renewable and sustainable energy sources like solar. However, the study shows that while Zambia's energy transition offers long-term benefits, it poses immediate and significant security challenges for the country. These include economic disruptions, infrastructure vulnerabilities, environmental conflicts and policy and regulatory challenges. This article contributes to the ongoing discourse regarding the human security challenges and opportunities for energy transition in Global South countries.
- [African Biodiversity Loss: Food Insecurity and the Rising Risk to Human Security](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/african-biodiversity-loss-food-insecurity-and-the-rising-risk-to-human-security/) - According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), over 6,400 animals and 3,100 plants in Africa are at risk of extinction. The decline of Africa's abundant ecological biodiversity poses a significant threat to millions of livelihoods. It exacerbates food insecurity and conflicts over land, leading to volatile agropastoral and geopolitical contentions over gazing land. The conversion of natural habitat to low-yielding cultivated land and climate change are dominant drivers amongst other primary human-induced factors contributing to biodiversity loss in Africa. In arid and semi-arid areas, the decline in biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystems adversely affect soil quality and vegetation, influencing agricultural productivity. In this paper, it will be argued that the loss of biodiversity is a result of human pressure and climate change, along with other factors contributing to food and rising human insecurity in Africa. This paper attempts to provide strategic pathways for climate actions in mitigating biodiversity loss and improving human security. It suggests that for Africa to address the challenges of biodiversity loss and improve food and human security in the short and mid-term, effective multilateral ecological diplomacy should be adopted through the African Union (AU)and Regional Economic Communities (RECs). For the methodological approach, qualitative and quantitative descriptive and interdisciplinary research methodology, which allows the use of primary and secondary sources, was adopted in this study.
- [Navigating Political Fragility: The Challenges of Women Peacebuilders in Militarised Political Contexts in Africa](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/navigating-political-fragility-the-challenges-of-women-peacebuilders-in-militarised-political-contexts-in-africa/) - Considering that unconstitutional changes of government (UCGs) border around the human and political security of the continent, a crucial question is, what are the challenges women peacebuilders face following UCGs? Using Chad and Niger as case studies and drawing on feminist theory, this paper examines the challenges women encounter in the execution of their peace work in countries that have experienced UCGs. This work includes mediation, community mobilisation, education, and raising awareness of income-generating activities, amongst others. This paper finds that although women are actively participating in fostering peace at the grassroots level, UCGs make their work more challenging due to rising insecurity, suppression of freedoms, and exacerbation of systemic gender discrimination. It notes that without a resolution to the broader issue of UCGs, women peacebuilders will find it challenging to participate in peacebuilding in these contexts. Finally, the paper concludes that addressing the challenges women peacebuilders face and adopting a human security approach to UCGs are essential for sustaining women’s contribution to peace and security.
- [Climate Justice and Integration in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of  Ethiopia as a Case Study](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/climate-justice-and-integration-in-the-horn-of-africa-an-analysis-of-ethiopia-as-a-case-study/) - The Horn of Africa is one of the global epicentres of the climate crisis, facing challenges such as droughts, floods, and desertification. These pressures deepen existing social inequalities, exacerbate political tensions, and strain economic systems, affecting a growing portion of the local population. Regional organizations have made progress in fostering dialogue upon these issues by advocating resource-sharing, knowledge exchange, and best practices. However, the urgency for concrete action is greater than ever. Based on an analysis of secondary sources, this article examines the interplay between climate justice and regional cooperation in the Horn of Africa, using Ethiopia as a case study. It underscores how climate-related challenges have served as a catalyst for regional integration, which, in turn, constitutes a strategic asset in advancing collective self-reliance and resilience- building efforts. Throughout Ethiopia has played a central role. This case study also illuminates tangible limitations in deepening regional integration and, by extension, in the pursuit of climate justice.
- [Volunteers for the Defence of the Homeland and Violent Extremism in  Burkina Faso](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/volunteers-for-the-defence-of-the-homeland-and-violent-extremism-in-burkina-faso/) - In response to the security vacuum and the limited effectiveness of military intervention in the fight against violent extremism, Burkina Faso has opted for a strategy based on citizen participation through the creation of Volunteers for the Defence of the Homeland (VDP). Since 2022, this initiative has become the cornerstone of the national security strategy. This article aims to analyse the need for strategic anticipation in managing the evolving role of the VDP. To this end, a structural constructivist approach was employed to understand the role of VDPs in combating violent extremism. The study is based on qualitative data collected through semi-structured interviews and documentary research. A total of 59 stakeholders, including representatives from public institutions, media professionals, research institutions, community and religious leaders, teacher-researchers, and a select group of the public, were interviewed. The information gathered was presented in verbatim form and subjected to content analysis. It has become clear that, while VDPs have played a crucial role in strengthening community security and supporting conventional forces, their long-term trajectory remains uncertain. Their growing presence raises essential political and social questions, including the risks of inter-community violence and the erosion of state legitimacy. The article argues that Burkina Faso needs to rethink the future of VDPs as part of a broader strategy of post-violent extremism governance. Drawing on community security models and post-crisis reintegration frameworks, the article emphasises the importance of disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR), as well as socio-economic support mechanisms, in the context of reintegration, to prevent long-term instability.
- [Perception of Sea Level Rise on Human Security: A Qualitative Case Study of the Keta Municipality in the Volta Region of Ghana](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/perception-of-sea-level-rise-on-human-security-a-qualitative-case-study-of-the-keta-municipality-in-the-volta-region-of-ghana/) - The local perspective on a phenomenon is critical for assessing its consequences for human security and for policy initiatives. Using a qualitative case-study approach, this study explores local perspectives on sea-level rise and human security in the Keta Municipality of Ghana. Grounded in the Human Security Theory framework, and purposively collecting data through observation, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions, we found that sea-level rise is perceived as described by its effects and, locally, known as “Tsafu dzagbo”. It is perceived to be caused by sand mining along the coast, with economic, social, and psychological effects on human security. These effects include job and livelihood losses, frequent outbreaks of water-related diseases, and displacement, among others, resulting in significant disruption to the municipality's well-being. In response, both local and modern approaches have been adopted to address the effects. The local approaches include planting mangroves along the coast and using local knowledge to forecast and prepare in advance. In contrast, modern approaches include constructing groynes and promoting modern agricultural practices, thereby improving resilience in the Municipality. We conclude that sea-level rise directly affects the well-being of the inhabitants of the Keta Municipality, thereby negatively impacting human security. We recommend synergising local and modern approaches to achieve more sustained resilience in the Municipality.
- [Gendered Dimensions of Reparations: Addressing the Harm of Wartime Sexual Violence Through African Feminist Policy Lenses](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/download/gendered-dimensions-of-reparations-addressing-the-harm-of-wartime-sexual-violence-through-african-feminist-policy-lenses/) - Given various peace agreements and transitional justice programmes, the gendered aspects of reparations are frequently overlooked, resulting in inadequate retribution for survivors, the majority of whom are women and girls. The paper investigates how African feminist policy ideas might influence reparations frameworks that are both inclusive and transformational. The paper assesses the feasibility of gender-sensitive reparations programmes using empirical evidence from post-conflict settings such as Liberia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Rwanda, highlighting key actions such as establishing survivor-centered reparations funds, incorporating psychosocial care into national health services, and ensuring women's participation in reparations design and monitoring.The paper argues that by focusing on survivors' perspectives and feminist ideals of justice, reparations can serve as both a healing tool and a catalyst for gender-equitable peacebuilding and development on the continent. Finally, the paper contends that reparations must go beyond symbolic gestures and offer survivors with material, psychological, and socioeconomic assistance that truly restores their dignity, agency, and opportunity.

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## Tags

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- [Gender-Sensitive Reparations](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/gender-sensitive-reparations/)
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- [Peacekeeping](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/peacekeeping/)
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- [Africa](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/africa/)
- [Women](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/women/)
- [Peacebuilding](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/peacebuilding/)
- [Government](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/government/)
- [Broken Window](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/broken-window/)
- [Community-led Policing](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/community-led-policing/)
- [Insecurity](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/insecurity/)
- [Vigilantes](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/vigilantes/)
- [Biodiversity](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/biodiversity/)
- [Food Insecurity and Human Security](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/food-insecurity-and-human-security/)
- [Vulnerability](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/vulnerability/)
- [Energy Transition and Zambia](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/energy-transition-and-zambia/)
- [Separatism](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/separatism/)
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- [and Climate Violence](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/and-climate-violence/)
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- [state](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/state/)
- [radio](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/radio/)
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- [human capabilities theory](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/human-capabilities-theory/)
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- [counterstrategies](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/counterstrategies/)
- [IPOB](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/ipob/)
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- [South-Eastern Nigeria](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/south-eastern-nigeria/)
- [collective security](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/collective-security/)
- [African Peace and Security Architecture](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/african-peace-and-security-architecture/)
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- [Eastern Africa Standby Force](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/eastern-africa-standby-force/)
- [full operational capability](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/full-operational-capability/)
- [UN Security Council](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/un-security-council/)
- [local peace committees](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/local-peace-committees/)
- [peacemaking](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/peacemaking/)
- [Enoosupukia](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/enoosupukia/)
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- [African-centred Solutions (AfSol)](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/african-centred-solutions-afsol/)
- [African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA)](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/african-peace-and-security-architecture-apsa/)
- [Separationist Movement](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/separationist-movement/)
- [Violent conflicts](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/violent-conflicts/)
- [Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB)](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/indigenous-people-of-biafra-ipob/)
- [Policing](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/policing/)
- [Crime](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/crime/)
- [Fulani herdsmen](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/fulani-herdsmen/)
- [mobile pastoralism](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/mobile-pastoralism/)
- [Edo states](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/edo-states/)
- [Delta state](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/delta-state/)
- [Coup d’état](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/coup-detat/)
- [Burkina Faso](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/burkina-faso/)
- [Leadership](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/leadership/)
- [African fragile states](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/african-fragile-states/)
- [RECs intervention](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/recs-intervention/)
- [AfSol](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/afsol/)
- [Local ownership](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/local-ownership/)
- [violent conflict](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/violent-conflict/)
- [grassroots organisations](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/grassroots-organisations/)
- [South Sudan](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/south-sudan/)
- [Sustainable peacebuilding](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/sustainable-peacebuilding/)
- [AMISOM](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/amisom/)
- [Central Africa](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/central-africa/)
- [Intervention](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/intervention/)
- [IGAD](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/igad/)
- [Responsibility to Protect](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/responsibility-to-protect/)
- [Kenyan](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/kenyan/)
- [Darfur](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/darfur/)
- [International Relations Theory](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/international-relations-theory/)
- [Cross-border cooperation](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/cross-border-cooperation/)
- [Liberalism](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/liberalism/)
- [Realism](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/realism/)
- [Supranational](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/supranational/)
- [Intergovernmental](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/intergovernmental/)
- [Hybrid approaches](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/hybrid-approaches/)
- [civil-military relations](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/civil-military-relations/)
- [Gender](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/gender/)
- [Ubuntu](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/ubuntu/)
- [ICC](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/icc/)
- [international law](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/international-law/)
- [international justice](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/international-justice/)
- [Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF)](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/civilian-joint-task-force-cjtf/)
- [north-eastern region](https://afsol.ipss-addis.org/document-tag/north-eastern-region/)