Over Zambia is one of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa facing energy challenges due to climate vulnerability caused by the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The study uses Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum's Capability Approach to analyse the vulnerabilities resulting from Zambia's quest for energy transition. This theoretical framework is critical to understanding the challenges in ensuring an inclusive energy transition process in the country. The methodology and data were mainly from secondary sources. The main argument in this article is that although Zambia has embarked on an energy transition, it is important to consider key human security vulnerabilities in this process. The article shows that Zambia's electricity generation capacity has continued to dwindle primarily due to a decrease in hydro generation, which is highly dependent on rainfall. The study also shows that the Zambian government has devised several strategies and policies aimed at energy transitioning to alleviate the problem. These strategies and policies include promoting non-renewable energy sources like coal, oil, and natural gas to renewable and sustainable energy sources like solar. However, the study shows that while Zambia's energy transition offers long-term benefits, it poses immediate and significant security challenges for the country. These include economic disruptions, infrastructure vulnerabilities, environmental conflicts and policy and regulatory challenges. This article contributes to the ongoing discourse regarding the human security challenges and opportunities for energy transition in Global South countries.